TL; DR: Equatorial Guinea, formerly a Spanish colony, has long been ruled by authoritarian leaders. The current President’s son, Mr Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, was accused by Transparency International of misappropriating public funds and spending them on luxuries, including expensive
Facts The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), entered into force in 1970, and with 191 States party to it as of November 2025 (although the status of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is contested owing to its
TL; DR: Spain ceded the Philippines to the USA as part of the Treaty Of Paris (1898). The Island of Palmas (aka Miangas) was within the boundaries of the cession. Later, it was discovered that the Netherlands too claimed the
TL; DR: In 1957, Portugal brought a case against India in ICJ seeking confirmation of its right of passage over Indian territory between Portuguese-controlled enclaves (Dadra and Nagar-Aveli). Portugal claimed that historical treaties granted it right of passage for civilian
Facts: On October 3rd, 1948, a military rebellion broke out in Peru. However, the rebellion was quelled within a day and the accused were arrested and charged. A day after the rebellion was quashed; proceedings were instituted against Victor Raul
TL; DR: The S.S. Lotus case, heard by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) in 1927, involved a jurisdictional dispute between France and Turkey following a collision on the high seas between a French and a Turkish vessel, which
Facts: Apart from having waters 12 nautical miles away from its coasts, a coastal state is separately entitled to take economic resources 200 nautical miles away from its coast. However, controversy surrounded the North Sea because of a continental
TL; DR: Iran brought a case against the U.S. after the U.S. attacked its oil platforms, claiming it broke a treaty governing their relations. The court had to decide whether the U.S. violated the treaty by attacking the platforms
Facts: On October 22, 1946, two British naval vessels passing through the Corfu Channel within Albanian territorial waters suffered heavy damage, and forty-five of its crew members lost their lives and another forty-two were injured as mines exploded near
In the Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v. France), Australia contested France’s nuclear testing as a violation of international law. New Zealand later joined, arguing that the tests posed a threat to the marine ecosystem. The core issues were the scope
Facts Background: This case arose from the armed conflict between the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH) over the Lašva Valley region of central Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993. The HVO forces, including the
Facts Background: The backdrop was the breakup of Yugoslavia and the ensuing wars and ethnic conflicts in Croatia (1991-1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995), and Kosovo (1998-1999). Slobodan Milosevic, as President of Serbia from 1989-1997 and later President of the Federal
Background The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals held after World War II to prosecute prominent leaders of the Axis powers, particularly the Nazis of Germany, for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Hermann Wilhelm Göring, a leading
Background: Jean Paul Akayesu, born in 1953 in Murehe sector, Taba commune, Rwanda, served as the bourgmestre (mayor) of Taba commune from April 1993 until June 1994, a period critical during the Rwandan genocide. Before his appointment as bourgmestre, Akayesu
Background Martin Bormann was a prominent Nazi official and a key member of Adolf Hitler’s inner circle. As Hitler’s private secretary and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery, Bormann wielded significant influence and played a crucial role in implementing policies
Facts Background: Duško Tadić, who held the position of president of the local board of the SDS in Kozarac, was brought to trial on allegations of involvement with Serb forces in several grave acts. These included the attack and destruction
Background: The Bosnian War, which raged from 1992 to 1995, was marked by horrific violence against Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats by Bosnian Serb military forces. This conflict witnessed campaigns of ethnic cleansing and genocidal atrocities targeting the Bosnian non-Serb population,
